{"id":41,"date":"2023-03-08T19:56:44","date_gmt":"2023-03-08T18:56:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/?p=41"},"modified":"2023-03-08T20:14:29","modified_gmt":"2023-03-08T19:14:29","slug":"sacco-di-roma-vypleneni-rima","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/sacco-di-roma-vypleneni-rima\/","title":{"rendered":"Sacco di Roma: Vyplen\u011bn\u00ed \u0158\u00edma"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 m\u011bsto, jak se \u0158\u00edmu p\u0159ezd\u00edv\u00e1, za\u017eilo \u0161est ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kdy byl vyplen\u011bn nep\u0159\u00e1teli. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poprv\u00e9 byl \u0158\u00edm vyplen\u011bn Galy roku 390 p\u0159. n. l. Zpr\u00e1vu n\u00e1m o tom zanechal Titus Livius, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd historik doby Augustovy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke druh\u00e9mu vyplen\u011bn\u00ed \u0158\u00edma do\u0161lo 24. srpna roku 410 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu za vl\u00e1dy z\u00e1pado\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e Honoria. Tentokr\u00e1t, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po osmi stech letech, \u0158\u00edm vyplenili Vizig\u00f3ti pod veden\u00edm sv\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Alaricha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pot\u0159et\u00ed byl \u0158\u00edm vyplen\u011bn roku 455 kr\u00e1lem Vandal\u016f Geiserichem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010ctvrt\u00e9 vyplen\u011bn\u00ed \u0158\u00edma provedl roku 546 ostrog\u00f3tsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Totila b\u011bhem g\u00f3tsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek mezi Byzantskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed a ostrog\u00f3tsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lovstv\u00edm v It\u00e1lii. Hlavn\u00edm pramenem t\u011bchto v\u00e1lek je d\u00edlo
Prokopia z Caesareie, kter\u00e9 popisuje v\u00e1lky s Vandaly i s Ostrog\u00f3ty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e1t\u00e9 vyplen\u011bn\u00ed \u0158\u00edma roku 1084 maj\u00ed na sv\u011bdom\u00ed Norman\u00e9. Jind\u0159ich IV., c\u00edsa\u0159 Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9, ve sporu s pape\u017eem \u0158eho\u0159em VII. nev\u00e1hal Svat\u00e9ho otce oblehnout s podporou \u0158\u00edman\u016f v And\u011blsk\u00e9m hrad\u011b. Pape\u017e po\u017e\u00e1dal o pomoc sv\u00e9ho spojence, v\u00e9vodu Apulie Roberta Guiscarda, kter\u00fd p\u0159it\u00e1hl do \u0158\u00edma s vojskem. C\u00edsa\u0159 JInd\u0159ich IV. musel ustoupit. Ob\u010dan\u00e9 \u0158\u00edma, kte\u0159\u00ed byli na stran\u011b c\u00edsa\u0159e proti pape\u017ei, se vzbou\u0159ili a odvetou po potla\u010den\u00ed povstv\u00e1n\u00ed bylo t\u0159\u00eddenn\u00ed plen\u011bn\u00ed \u0158\u00edma Normany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My budeme hovo\u0159it o posledn\u00edm, \u0161est\u00e9m, kter\u00e9 se odehr\u00e1lo v roce 1527 a kter\u00e9 italsk\u00fd d\u011bjepis ozna\u010duje term\u00ednem „Sacco di Roma“. V letech 1526-1529 prob\u00edhala v\u00e1lka mezi alianc\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch a rakousk\u00fdch Habsburk\u016f a tzv. Cognackou ligou tvo\u0159enou Franci\u00ed, Ben\u00e1tskou republikou, Florenci\u00ed, Angli\u00ed, V\u00e9vodstv\u00edm Mil\u00e1nsk\u00fdm a pape\u017eem Klementem VII. C\u00edsa\u0159 Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9, Karel V., po por\u00e1\u017ece francouzsk\u00e9ho vojska v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii \u010delil nepokoj\u016fm ve vlastn\u00ed arm\u00e1d\u011b kv\u016fli neschopnosti platit \u017eold. Vojsko \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed 30.000 mu\u017e\u016f, sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed se ze \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch, n\u011bmeck\u00fdch a italsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dilo sv\u00e9ho velitele, bourbonsk\u00e9ho v\u00e9vodu Karla III., aby si \u017eold vymohlo od pora\u017een\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1tel. L\u00e1kav\u00fdm c\u00edlem byl pr\u00e1v\u011b pape\u017e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. kv\u011btna 1527 dorazilo c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 vojsko k \u0158\u00edmu. Obrana m\u011bsta se skl\u00e1dala z 5000 voj\u00e1k\u016f a 189 mu\u017e\u016f \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 gardy. R\u00e1no 6. kv\u011btna zah\u00e1jil v\u00e9voda Karel III. s\u00e9rii \u00fatok\u016f na m\u011bsto. P\u0159i \u00fatoku na Porta Cavalleggeri (naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 tak\u00e9 jako br\u00e1na Torrione) byl smrteln\u011b ran\u011bn. Po kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m zav\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 vojska branou pronikla do Vatik\u00e1nu a napadla \u010dtvr\u0165 Borgo s kostelem Santo Spirito. Pape\u017e v dob\u011b \u00fatoku slou\u017eil m\u0161i a odm\u00edtl odej\u00edt do bezpe\u010d\u00ed citadely And\u011blsk\u00e9ho hradu<\/a>. Gardist\u00e9 pod velen\u00edm Kaspara R\u00f6ista proto zahradili \u00fazkou uli\u010dku, jedin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke kostelu. Zde odol\u00e1vali vln\u00e1m \u00fatok\u016f zejm\u00e9na ob\u00e1van\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch lancknecht\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gardist\u00e9 vyzbrojen\u00ed halapartnami vytvo\u0159ili pevnou hr\u00e1z, o kterou se \u00fatoky lancknecht\u016f t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tily jako vlny o \u00fates. A\u017e kdy\u017e nep\u0159\u00edtel nasadil arkebuz\u00fdry, kte\u0159\u00ed st\u0159elbou rozmetali \u00fatvar gardist\u016f (velitel gardy Kaspar R\u00f6ist byl smrteln\u011b ran\u011bn), pronikli ke kostelu. A\u017e nyn\u00ed pape\u017e Klement VII. souhlasil s \u00fat\u011bkem. Visut\u00fdm chodn\u00edkem Passetto di Borgo<\/a> zam\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do And\u011blsk\u00e9ho hradu pod ochranou 42 gardist\u016f. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed gardist\u00e9 a n\u011bkolik \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f zadr\u017e\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00edky v kostele a do jednoho padnou. Umo\u017en\u00ed tak ale pape\u017ei \u00fat\u011bk do bezpe\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 vojska pot\u00e9 8 dn\u016f plenila \u0158\u00edm a a\u017e 20.000 obyvatel bylo zavra\u017ed\u011bno. Pape\u017e Klement VII. nakonec 5. \u010dervna kapituloval a zav\u00e1zal se vyplatit se 400 000 duk\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"P\u0159\u00edsaha<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Na po\u010dest padl\u00fdch gardist\u016f a na oslavu hrdinstv\u00ed t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed ochr\u00e1nili pape\u017ee 6.5.1527, prob\u00edh\u00e1 slavnostn\u00ed slib nov\u00e1\u010dk\u016f pape\u017eovy \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 gardy, kter\u00fd zn\u00ed: „P\u0159\u00edsah\u00e1m, \u017ee budu v\u011brn\u011b, loaj\u00e1ln\u011b a \u010destn\u011b slou\u017eit \u00fa\u0159aduj\u00edc\u00edmu pape\u017ei a jeho legitimn\u00edm n\u00e1stupc\u016fm, \u017ee se jim budu v\u011bnovat ze v\u0161ech sil a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby na jejich obranu ob\u011btuji i sv\u016fj \u017eivot,“ stoj\u00ed ve formulaci p\u0159\u00edsahy, kterou p\u0159e\u010dte kaplan. „B\u011bhem neobsazen\u00ed apo\u0161tolsk\u00e9ho stolce p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1m stejn\u00e9 povinnosti v\u016f\u010di kardin\u00e1lsk\u00e9mu kolegiu. Veliteli a ostatn\u00edm nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm tak\u00e9 slibuji \u00factu, loajalitu a poslu\u0161nost. Takto p\u0159\u00edsah\u00e1m, k\u00e9\u017e mi B\u016fh a na\u0161i svat\u00ed patroni pom\u00e1haj\u00ed.“ „J\u00e1, halapartn\u00edk\u2026,“ zn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f gardist\u016f na vlajku, „p\u0159\u00edsah\u00e1m, \u017ee budu v\u011brn\u011b, loaj\u00e1ln\u011b a \u010destn\u011b dodr\u017eovat v\u0161e, co mi bylo v tuto chv\u00edli p\u0159e\u010dteno. K\u00e9\u017e mi pom\u00e1h\u00e1 B\u016fh a na\u0161i svat\u00ed patroni!“. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proto p\u0159\u00edsaha nov\u00fdch gardist\u016f prb\u00edh\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b 6.5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edkem pape\u017esk\u00e9 gardy se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t pouze svobodn\u00fd \u0160v\u00fdcar \u2013 katol\u00edk ve v\u011bku 19\u201330 let a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 174 cm. Mus\u00ed dokon\u010dit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdcvik ve \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b a m\u00edt st\u0159edo\u0161kolsk\u00e9 nebo odborn\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010clenstv\u00ed v gard\u011b je ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku \u010dasto rodinnou tradic\u00ed. Gardist\u00e9 se mohou o\u017eenit, pokud jsou star\u0161\u00ed 25 let, odslou\u017eili v gard\u011b minim\u00e1ln\u011b t\u0159i roky a upsali se na dal\u0161\u00ed t\u0159i roky slu\u017eby a maj\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b hodnost des\u00e1tn\u00edka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro zaj\u00edmavost uve\u010fme, \u017ee krom\u011b v\u00fdborn\u00e9ho v\u00fdcviku s modern\u00edmi prod\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed gardist\u00e9 i v\u00fdcvik s tradi\u010dn\u00ed halapartnou, kter\u00e1 se osv\u011bd\u010dila nejen v ono roce 1527 jako efektivn\u00ed a smrt\u00edc\u00ed zbra\u0148, kterou ostatn\u011b z\u016fstala a\u017e dodnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:
https:\/\/is.muni.cz\/el\/1421\/podzim2015\/LJMgrB40\/um\/24_Dobyti_Rima.pdf<\/a>

https:\/\/viah.wargaming.cz\/16-stoleti\/sacco-di-roma-vypleneni-rima-1527\/<\/a>

https:\/\/cirkevnihistorie.estranky.cz\/clanky\/vatikan\/svycarska-garda–vatikanska-policie.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0158\u00edm, V\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 m\u011bsto, byl v historii \u0161estkr\u00e1t vyplen\u011bn nep\u0159\u00e1teli. Nab\u00edz\u00edm v\u00e1m kr\u00e1tk\u00fd v\u00fdlet do roku 1527, kdy byl poko\u0159en naposledy. Krom\u011b popisu t\u00e9to smutn\u00e9 a krvav\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti se dozv\u00edte, jak si Vatik\u00e1n, respektive pape\u017esk\u00e1 \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 garda p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 den, kdy jej\u00ed p\u0159edch\u016fdci naplnili svoji roli ochr\u00e1nc\u016f Svat\u00e9ho otce i za cenu ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch \u017eivot\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-historie","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nSacco di Roma: Vyplen\u011bn\u00ed \u0158\u00edma - Blog pro zvan\u00e9<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sacco di Roma: Vyplen\u011bn\u00ed \u0158\u00edma - Blog pro zvan\u00e9\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0158\u00edm, V\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 m\u011bsto, byl v historii \u0161estkr\u00e1t vyplen\u011bn nep\u0159\u00e1teli. 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