{"id":153,"date":"2024-08-14T12:17:11","date_gmt":"2024-08-14T10:17:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/?p=153"},"modified":"2024-08-21T17:32:03","modified_gmt":"2024-08-21T15:32:03","slug":"joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/","title":{"rendered":"Joachim Murat – kavalerista, mar\u0161\u00e1l a „kr\u00e1l \u0161vih\u00e1k“"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Jak jsem sl\u00edbil v \u010dl\u00e1nku o Janu \u010capkovi ze S\u00e1n<\/a>, chci se v\u011bnovat dal\u0161\u00ed historick\u00e9 postav\u011b, kter\u00e1 je povahou a vojenskou kari\u00e9rou ne nepodobn\u00e1. Jde o Napoleonova mar\u0161\u00e1la, posl\u00e9ze i \u0161vagra, Joachima Murata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Abb\u00e9 Murat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Joachim Murat se narodil 25 b\u0159ezna 1767 v La Bastide v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii do rodiny hostinsk\u00e9ho. Rodi\u010de mu napl\u00e1novali c\u00edrkevn\u00ed dr\u00e1hu, proto dali Joachima studovat do Cahorsk\u00e9ho semin\u00e1\u0159e na kn\u011bze a d\u00e1le k lazarist\u016fm do Toulouse. Ve 22 letech z c\u00edrkevn\u00edch studi\u00ed sb\u011bhl a dal se k jezdectvu. Spolubojovn\u00edci mu kv\u016fli jeho p\u0159edchoz\u00edm studi\u00edm p\u0159ezd\u00edvali abb\u00e9 Murat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1791 vstoupil do kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 \u00fastavn\u00ed gardy, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 pro ochranu kr\u00e1le, tu n\u00e1sledn\u011b nahradila N\u00e1rodn\u00ed garda. I tuto vz\u00e1p\u011bt\u00ed opustil a vstoupil do regul\u00e9rn\u00ed arm\u00e1dy, kde se v roce 1792 stal d\u016fstojn\u00edkem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V prav\u00fd \u010das na prav\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jeho hv\u011bzdn\u00e1 chv\u00edle p\u0159i\u0161la 13. vend\u00e9miaire 1795 revolu\u010dn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e (tj. 5. \u0159\u00edjna), kdy vzbou\u0159en\u00ed royalist\u00e9 v po\u010dtu cca 30.000 povstali proti republice. P\u0159edseda direktoria Paul de Barras m\u011bl k dispozici pouze 5.000 mu\u017e\u016f. Jejich velen\u00edm pov\u011b\u0159il dal\u0161\u00edho mu\u017ee, kter\u00fd byl v prav\u00fd \u010das na prav\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, gener\u00e1la d\u011blost\u0159electva Napoleona Bonaparta. Ten v\u0161ak nem\u011bl k dispozici \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kan\u00f3ny. Proto pov\u011b\u0159il pr\u00e1v\u011b kapit\u00e1na Joachima Murata, aby se svou kaval\u00e9ri\u00ed v po\u010dtu 300 jezdc\u016f d\u011bla zajistil ve zbrojnici Sablons v Neuilly. To se poda\u0159ilo a Napoleon royalistick\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed 40 d\u011bl doslova utopil v krvi. Tato ud\u00e1lost do\u0161la i velmi v\u011brn\u00e9ho filmov\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a>. Za tyto z\u00e1sluhy byl Murat pov\u00fd\u0161en do hodnosti plukovn\u00edka a pov\u011b\u0159en velen\u00edm brig\u00e1dy. Od t\u00e9to chv\u00edle se stal jedn\u00edm z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch Napoleonov\u00fdch velitel\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed byl tzv. Brumairov\u00fd p\u0159evrat.<\/a> 18. brumairu (9. listopadu) 1799, kdy v kritick\u00e9 chv\u00edli Murat vel\u00edc\u00ed gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016fm loaj\u00e1ln\u00edm Napoleonovi obsadil jednac\u00ed s\u00e1l republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho parlamentu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160vagr<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00e1tce po t\u011bchto ud\u00e1lostech (20. ledna 1800) pojal za man\u017eelku Bonapartovu sestru Caroline. T\u00edm se definitivn\u011b stal \u010dlenem Bonapartova klanu. Stal se zet\u011bm Letizie Ramolino a \u0161vagrem Josefa, Napoleona I., Luciena, Elisy, Louise, Pauline a Jeroma Bonapartov\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voj\u00e1k<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V bitv\u011b u Marenga, 14. \u010dervna 1800, kdy francouzsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da \u010delila t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jist\u00e9 proh\u0159e, byl Murat jedn\u00edm z velitel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed katastrofu zvr\u00e1tili do v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed. Jeho neohro\u017een\u00e9 velen\u00ed jezdectvu mu vydobylo dal\u0161\u00ed Napoleonovu p\u0159\u00edze\u0148. Dobov\u00e9 prameny o n\u011bm hovo\u0159\u00ed s obdivem. „Byl zvykl\u00fd p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat v\u0161echny p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, dbal pram\u00e1lo o ty, kte\u0159\u00ed mu zk\u0159\u00ed\u017eili cestu“, p\u00ed\u0161e o n\u011bm jeden z pramen\u016f. P\u0159es projevy p\u0159\u00edzn\u011b si Napoleon velmi dob\u0159e uv\u011bdomoval nejen klady, ale i z\u00e1pory sv\u00e9ho mar\u0161\u00e1la: „V\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e1 odvaha a m\u00e1lo inteligence. Tohoto mu\u017ee charakterizuje a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma vlastnostmi.“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u00e9 sest\u0159e a Muratov\u011b man\u017eelce Karol\u00edn\u011b dokonce c\u00edsa\u0159 \u0159ekl: „Tv\u016fj man\u017eel je na bitevn\u00edm poli velmi state\u010dn\u00fd, ale pokud nen\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtel na bl\u00edzku, je zbab\u011bl\u00fd jako \u017eensk\u00e1 nebo mnich. Chyb\u00ed mu mor\u00e1ln\u00ed odvaha.“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159esto roku 1804 jmenoval Napoleon Murata jako jednoho z prvn\u00edch mar\u0161\u00e1lem Francie. V roce 1805 se stal c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdm princem, roku 1806 velkov\u00e9vodou z Bergu a Kleve, a tento titul si podr\u017eel a\u017e do roku 1808, kdy se stal z Napoleonovy v\u016fle kr\u00e1lem v Neapoli a panovn\u00edkem Sicilsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Murat se \u00fa\u010dastnil prusk\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed, bojoval u Jeny. 8. \u00fanora 1807 v bitv\u011b u J\u00edlov\u00e9ho (Eylau) proti rusko-prusk\u00fdm sil\u00e1m vedl mar\u0161\u00e1l Murat n\u011bkolik \u00fatok\u016f jezdectva, kter\u00e9 zachr\u00e1nily Francouze p\u0159ed katastrofou (jedna z nejkrvav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch napoleonsk\u00fdch bitev skon\u010dila nerozhodn\u011b). V kritick\u00e9m okam\u017eiku velel Murat osobn\u011b 2,5 km \u0161irok\u00e9mu front\u00e1ln\u00edmu \u00fatoku 11.000 jezdc\u016f o 80 eskadron\u00e1ch, kter\u00fdmi prorazil st\u0159ed rusk\u00e9 linie. Ztratil asi desetinu mu\u017e\u016f, ale z\u00edskal \u010das pro mar\u0161\u00e1la Davouta, kter\u00fd dorazil s p\u011bchotou a stabilizoval situaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hv\u011bzda zapad\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1808 Napoleon Murata instaloval na neapolsk\u00fd tr\u016fn, kde do t\u00e9 doby vl\u00e1dl c\u00edsa\u0159\u016fv bratr Josef, kter\u00e9ho naopak dosadil na tr\u016fn \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd. Svoji novou roli jako kr\u00e1l v Neapoli a panovn\u00edk Sicilsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed pojal samostatn\u011bji, ne\u017e by si jeho \u0161vagr p\u0159\u00e1l. Odm\u00edtal nap\u0159\u00edklad uplat\u0148ovat kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed blok\u00e1du anglick\u00e9ho dovozu, proto\u017ee by to „jeho“ zem\u011b po\u0161kozovalo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159esto c\u00edsa\u0159 Napoleon v roce 1812 p\u0159i rusk\u00e9m ta\u017een\u00ed jmenoval Murata velitelem jezdectva. T\u00e9to role se mar\u0161\u00e1l ujal s obvykl\u00fdm el\u00e1nem a nad\u0161en\u00edm. Jeho odvaha na stran\u011b jedn\u00e9 a extravagantn\u00ed uniformy a vystupov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fadajn\u011b vedlo k obdivu rusk\u00fdch koz\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jej m\u011bli vyzvat, aby zm\u011bnil strany a stal se jedn\u00edm z ataman\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fastupu Velk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy jej Napoleon p\u0159ed sv\u00fdm chvatn\u00fdm \u00fat\u011bkem do Francie jmenoval vrchn\u00edm velitelem tohoto uskupen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 decimovala zima a neust\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fatoky Rus\u016f. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1813 proto i on zb\u00edda\u010dnou arm\u00e1du opustil a vr\u00e1til se do Neapole. Jako d\u016fvod nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00fdmluvu uv\u00e1d\u011bl, \u017ee se vrac\u00ed naverbovat dal\u0161\u00ed posily pro c\u00edsa\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve dnech 16.-19. \u0159\u00edjna 1813 v bitv\u011b u Lipska, kde koali\u010dn\u00ed vojska Rus\u016f, Raku\u0161an\u016f a Prus\u016f rozdrtila Napoleonovu arm\u00e1du, st\u00e1l op\u011bt po boku c\u00edsa\u0159e jako velitel jezdectva. Po prohran\u00e9 bitv\u011b ov\u0161em ihned p\u0159e\u0161el na stranu v\u00edt\u011bz\u016f ve snaze zachr\u00e1nit si neapolskou korunu. V\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9 mu ji p\u0159isl\u00edbili, ale p\u0159i Napoleonov\u011b \u00fat\u011bku z Elby se Murat dozv\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee tento slib byl l\u017eiv\u00fd ve snaze z\u00edskat \u010das a \u017ee v\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9 hodlaj\u00ed Neapolsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed navr\u00e1tit p\u0159edchoz\u00edmu vl\u00e1dci. Proto vyt\u00e1hl do boje a 2.-3. kv\u011btna 1815 se u m\u011bste\u010dka Tolentino jeho arm\u00e1da o s\u00edle cca 36.000 mu\u017e\u016f st\u0159etla se slab\u0161\u00ed, ale l\u00e9pe organizovanou a disciplinovanou arm\u00e1dou Rakouska o s\u00edle cca 10.000 mu\u017e\u016f. Murat zde utrp\u011bl prohru, po kter\u00e9 se jeho arm\u00e1da (paradoxn\u011b pr\u00fd tak\u00e9 docela kvalitn\u00ed) jako efektivn\u00ed bojov\u00e1 s\u00edla rozpadla. Raku\u0161an\u00e9 obsadili Neapolsko, kam se vr\u00e1til Ferdinand IV. Murat uprchl do Francie, kde v\u0161ak Napoleon jeho nab\u00edzen\u00e9 slu\u017eby u\u017e r\u00e1zn\u011b odm\u00edtl. Po Waterloo se Murat ukr\u00fdval pobl\u00ed\u017e Toulonu, my\u0161lenky na azyl v Anglii zavrhl a s hrstkou p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenc\u016f se p\u0159es Korsiku vr\u00e1til do It\u00e1lie. Hrstka skute\u010dn\u011b znamen\u00e1 cca 30 mu\u017e\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posledn\u00ed hrdinstv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

8. \u0159\u00edjna 1815 se Murat vylodil v Pizzu na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Kal\u00e1brie, vz\u00e1p\u011bt\u00ed byl ale snadno p\u0159emo\u017een voj\u00e1ky sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho neapolsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le a uv\u011bzn\u011bn. Vojensk\u00fd soud jej odsoudil k trestu smrti. 13. \u0159\u00edjna 1815 byl Napoleon\u016fv mar\u0161\u00e1l a sesazen\u00fd neapolsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l p\u0159iveden p\u0159ed poprav\u010d\u00ed \u010detu. Se svou obvyklou odvahou a chladnokrevnost\u00ed, kterou v\u017edy projevoval tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 ozbrojen\u00e9mu nep\u0159\u00edteli, si Joachim Murat vy\u017e\u00e1dal pr\u00e1vo velet poprav\u010d\u00ed \u010det\u011b, kter\u00e1 jej na jeho posledn\u00ed rozkaz zast\u0159elila. Tuto ud\u00e1lost m\u016f\u017eete op\u011bt vid\u011bt ve filmov\u00e9 podob\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joachim Murat \u017eije<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ne, tento vyj\u00edme\u010dn\u00fd a state\u010dn\u00fd voj\u00e1k a velice zbab\u011bl\u00fd politik nevstal z mrtv\u00fdch, ale jeho potomkem je Joachim Louis Napol\u00e9on Murat, 8. princ Murat<\/a>. I on m\u00e1 syna stejn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na, je j\u00edm Joachim Charles Napol\u00e9on Murat<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rodina mar\u0161\u00e1la Murata se tak st\u00e1le po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 k Bonapartov\u011b rodinn\u00e9mu klanu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:
HAYTHORNTHWAITE, Philip: Napoleonovi vojev\u016fdci 1809\u20131815. Grada, 2007, s. 10-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joachim_Murat<\/a>

https:\/\/www.armyweb.cz\/clanek\/joachim-murat-napoleonuv-marsal-a-neapolsky-kral<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak jsem sl\u00edbil v \u010dl\u00e1nku o Janu \u010capkovi ze S\u00e1n, chci se v\u011bnovat dal\u0161\u00ed historick\u00e9 postav\u011b, kter\u00e1 je povahou a vojenskou kari\u00e9rou ne nepodobn\u00e1. Jde o Napoleonova mar\u0161\u00e1la, posl\u00e9ze i \u0161vagra, Joachima Murata. Abb\u00e9 Murat Joachim Murat se narodil 25 b\u0159ezna 1767 v La Bastide v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii do rodiny hostinsk\u00e9ho. Rodi\u010de mu napl\u00e1novali c\u00edrkevn\u00ed… Pokra\u010dovat ve\u00a0\u010dten\u00ed Joachim Murat – kavalerista, mar\u0161\u00e1l a „kr\u00e1l \u0161vih\u00e1k“<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-153","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-historie","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nJoachim Murat - kavalerista, mar\u0161\u00e1l a "kr\u00e1l \u0161vih\u00e1k" - Blog pro zvan\u00e9<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Joachim Murat - kavalerista, mar\u0161\u00e1l a "kr\u00e1l \u0161vih\u00e1k" - Blog pro zvan\u00e9\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jak jsem sl\u00edbil v \u010dl\u00e1nku o Janu \u010capkovi ze S\u00e1n, chci se v\u011bnovat dal\u0161\u00ed historick\u00e9 postav\u011b, kter\u00e1 je povahou a vojenskou kari\u00e9rou ne nepodobn\u00e1. Jde o Napoleonova mar\u0161\u00e1la, posl\u00e9ze i \u0161vagra, Joachima Murata. Abb\u00e9 Murat Joachim Murat se narodil 25 b\u0159ezna 1767 v La Bastide v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii do rodiny hostinsk\u00e9ho. Rodi\u010de mu napl\u00e1novali c\u00edrkevn\u00ed… Pokra\u010dovat ve\u00a0\u010dten\u00ed Joachim Murat – kavalerista, mar\u0161\u00e1l a „kr\u00e1l \u0161vih\u00e1k“\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Blog pro zvan\u00e9\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-08-14T10:17:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-21T15:32:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/francois-gerard-joachim-murat-1767-1815.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napsal(a)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Odhadovan\u00e1 doba \u010dten\u00ed\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minut\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/#\/schema\/person\/7a703d29252562e1839d859550272293\"},\"headline\":\"Joachim Murat – kavalerista, mar\u0161\u00e1l a „kr\u00e1l \u0161vih\u00e1k“\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-08-14T10:17:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-08-21T15:32:03+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/\"},\"wordCount\":1388,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/francois-gerard-joachim-murat-1767-1815.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Historie\"],\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.prozvane.cz\/index.php\/joachim-murat-kavalerista-marsal-a-kral-svihak\/\",\"name\":\"Joachim Murat - 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